During Vesta's early evolutionary phase, convective upheavals took place inside the asteroid. The dimensionless temperature shown in the envelope increases with depth. In this ‘stagnant-lid’ situation, the rock is rigid and immobile due to its very low temperature. Convective circulation takes place under the ‘lid’ of Vesta’s solidified crust – warmer rock masses rise and cooler rock masses sink. The dimensionless convection velocity indicates ‘plumes’, bubbles of rising, warmer and less dense material, and sinking, colder and denser material.